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七、动词的时态、语气和主被动

核心提示: 七、动词的时态、语气和主被动(一)时态(先后顺序:过去完成时 过去进行时 过去时 一般现在时 现在进行时 现在完成时一般将来时)1 一般定义用一

七、动词的时态、语气和主被动
(一)时态
(先后顺序:过去完成时
过去进行时
过去时 一般现在时 现在进行时 现在完成时一般将来时)
1.
一般定义用一般现在时。
2.
不能用一般现在时表示将来。
3
表示一般状态的动词不用进行时,比如know, signify(意味着)emit(发射)
EG:Wrong: This inscription IS SIGNIFYING the emperor's birth.
Right:This inscription SIGNIFIES the emperor's birth.
4
.现在进行时不能表示将来的动作,但是可以表示可能性
Wrong: Quentin IS MEETINGHarvey for lunch tomorrow.
Right: QuentinWILL MEET Harvey for lunch tomorrow.
Sandy WILL BE PLAYING soccer tomorrow.
5
.一个句子中的不同动词时态。若在一个句子里,两个动词的时态一样,代表两个动作是平行的,同样重要的。若一个句子里两个时态不一样,则时态近的是主句,另一个动作通常代表一个背景介绍。
Right: She WAS PLAYING with her friends whenthe babysitter ARRIVED.此句要表达的是the babysitter arrived之前she was playing.
She PLAYED with her friends whenthe babysitter ARRIVED.此句表达的是the babysitter arrived之后she played.
(二)现在完成时态
1
现在完成时表示的是一个行为发生在过去,但状态继续到现在,或者是仍然对现在有所影响。现在完成时的构成:have/has+过去分词
现在完成时的标志词:
since+过去一个时间点; within/over/during/in+时间段
EG:She WILL PAY you when you HAVE TAKEN out the garbage.
(Thetime of
will pay is LATER than the future timeof have taken)
2
而一般过去时表示的一个行为发生在过去,已经结束且对现在没有影响。
表示词:
likeihood/ possibility+ that, over+时间点
(三)过去完成时
1
两个行为都发生在过去,而较早的那一个要用过去完成时,
若转述一个人发表的演讲或者报告,要将现在时转化为过去时,过去时转化为过去完成时,将来时转化为条件状态(
will---would
EG:The man believes that the machine will bewonderful.
Thescientist believed that the machine would bewonderful.
错误:
The man believesthat the machine would be wonderful.
The man believed that the machine willbe wonderful.
注:主句若是现在时,则从句时态必须不能早过其时态,即必须是“现在时间内的某个时态”;同样,如果主句是过去时,则从句必须是过去时间内的某个时态。
2
如果主句和分句主语相同,且and, before, but等连接,如果句子逻辑上存在先后顺序的话,主分句都用一般过去时即可
EG:Antonio DROVE to the store, and Cristina BOUGHT some ice cream.
Laura LOCKED the dead bolt before she LEFTfor work.
3
Trick一枚:有时候我们可以在前一个分句中用一般过去时表示过去,在后一个分句中
用过去完成时表示从
过去一直延续下去。即一般过去时在过去完成时之前。
EG:The band U2 was one of many new groups on the rock music scene in the early1980's, but less than ten years later, U2 had fully eclipsed its early rivalsin the pantheon of popular music.
(四)虚拟语气
虚拟语气常见的两种形式:
1. 看起来不可能或者不真实的条件,用if, as if, as though引导
Right: Toovercome my fear of germs, I will think about disease as though it WEREharmless.
2
proposal,desire, request等表建议命令的词用that引导
虚拟语气中,
be一般用were. EG: if I were a rich man
3
If…then….常见的五种句型 (then 经常会被省略掉)
1表示确定: If +一般现在时, then +一般现在时
EG: if she eats pizza, (then) she becomes ill.
2表示某种程度的不确定: if +一般现在时, then canmayv.原型
If she eats pizza, (then) she may becomeill.
3)确定-用于将来时态(现在发生的某些事情造成将来的影响):
if +一般现在时,then+一般将来时
If sheeats pizza tomorrow, (then) she will become ill.
4不确定-将来时态:
if +虚拟语气 , then+情态动词+v.原型
If sheate pizza tomorrow, (then) she would become ill. (
使用虚拟语气)
此句中,作者认为
S不太可能吃披萨,所以情态动词would是对一个不太可能发生的事情的推测。
5从未发生-过去式:
if
+过去完成时, then+情态动词完成时
If she had eaten pizza yesterday, (then) shewould have become ill. (
使用虚拟语气)
注:
a.GMAT中,如果遇到but if..那么就要考虑是否是以上的五种之一。
Right:
IF youstudy diligently, [THEN] you will score highly.
Right:
You willscore highly IF you study diligently.
b.情态动词would/should永远不会出现在“if”从句中
4
.命令性的虚拟语气,(比假设性虚拟更重要)
1一般形式: 主语+命令性动词+that+从句主语+虚拟动词原型(没有S没有am,is,are
2暴力词-只能用that从句的命令虚拟语气,不能用不定式:demand, dictate,insist, mandate, propose, recommend, request, stipulate(规定),suggest
We demand THAT HE BE here.
其中
propose,当句子中的两个动词发起者均是一个主语时,可以用不定式。
The attorneys proposed to meet the following day.
(3) 暴力词-只能用不定式的:advise,allow, forbid, persuade, want
We allowHIM TO BE here.
(4) 暴力词-既可以接that从句的命令虚拟语气,又可以接不定式:ask, beg, intend, order, prefer, urge, require
We require THAT HE BE here. O R We requireHIM TO BE here.
(5) 具有命令性的词汇的名词形式同样应用虚拟语气
Right: His demand THAT he BE paid full severance was notmet.
6 形容词性的命令词汇既可用虚拟语气,也可用不定式:如essential, advisable,crucial,desirable, fitting, imperative, important, mandatory, necessary,preferable, urgent, vital
Right: It is essential THAT Gary BE ready before noon.
it isessential for Gary to be ready before noon.
7例外暴力词-prohibit既不接that也不接todo
常见用法:
prohibit sthprohibit fromdoingprohibit sb fromdoing
Right: The agency PROHIBITED Gary FROM WORKING onweekends.
EG: In an attempt to guarantee the security of its innovative waterpurification method, the
company required each employee to sign a confidentiality agreementprohibiting disclosure of its water purification methods to any company usingan analogous purification process.
注:
a. 在虚拟语气中,这些词没有第三人称单数形式。
that the school board DISBAND, not DISBANDS
b. BE
作为虚拟语气动词的时候,只有Be的形式,没有am ,is ,are
BEready before noon, Gary!
c. GMAT
中虚拟经常错的几种形式
[img=445,118]file:///C:/Users/steven/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif[/img]
第一句:缺
That
第二句:
disbands错,应该没有S
第三句:没有
is
第四句:没有
will
第五句:没有
should
正确:Bossy Verb + THAT+ subject + CommandSubjunctive
We PROPOSE THAT the school board DISBAND.
d. 特例
Want.,有时候使用want并不是虚拟语气,而只是一个不定式表目的
Right: The vice-president WANTS her TO GO to the retreat.
Wrong: The vice-president WANTS THAT she GO to the retreat.
(五)被动语态与主动语态
BE(am,is,are/was,were)+过去分词
1
by后面一般跟动作的执行者且一定是被动语态; through becauseof 后面跟一些设备手段或者方法
2
GMAT规则,主动优于被动
3
完成时态可用不及物动词,但被动语态不可以,例如arrive,不能用被动语态,因为不能“arrive something/something can`t be arrive”
Wrong: The aliens WERE ARRIVED on Neptune in the 20thcentury.
Right: The aliens ARRIVED on Neptune in the 20thcentury.
12th Edition: 3,19, 41, 54, 67, 69, 70, 74, 85, 86, 87
Verbal Review: 3,21, 28, 30, 37, 39, 40, 55, 61, 78
OR 2nd Edition:30, 37, 38, 39, 56, 74
资讯标签: 气和 被动 语气 时态 动词
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